#+date: [2026-07-30 Thu 17:14:00]
#+title: Upgrading My Homelab to 10 Gbps
#+description: Moving my homelab off 1 Gbps and onto a 10 Gbps backbone.
#+slug: 10gbps
#+filetags: :self-hosting:

* Why 10 Gbps?

The short answer: fiber finally became available at my current residence, so I
jumped on it immediately.

The slightly longer answer is that I'd previously enjoyed proper 1 Gbps fiber,
but for a while now I'd been stuck limping along on "1 Gbps" cable from Cox
that, in reality, often crawled along at 100 Mbps regardless of what I did to
fix it. New modem, new cables, different ports, calls to support - nothing
mattered. It ran at whatever speed it felt like that day.

So when [[https://fiber.google.com][Google Fiber]] showed up in my neighborhood, I ordered the 8 Gbps package
immediately. I'll upgrade to their 10 Gbps package the moment it's released, but
I'm not exactly suffering in the meantime.

A quick note on the title before we go further: my /internet/ is 8 Gbps for now,
but this post is really about rebuilding my /internal/ network to 10 Gbps end to
end. The WAN is just the excuse to upgrade everything.

#+caption: My WAN status over the past month.
#+attr_html: :alt A chart of my WAN status and activity over the past month.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/wan_history.webp

In the screenshot above, you can see that Google Fiber was installed on 7/20 and
UniFi entered WAN failover mode (the blue bar) and then I unplugged Cox on 7/22,
resulting in the green Google Fiber bar.

As you can also see, Cox was a /train wreck/ - cycling between yellow
(disconnections, lag, etc.) and red (no internet connection) for the previous
month.

* What I Was Running Before

Nothing exotic. My network was built entirely on 1 Gbps gear:

- A 24-port UniFi switch in the rack.
- Two 8-port UniFi switches serving other rooms.
- A Cox "1 Gbps" WAN that, as mentioned, frequently delivered closer to 100
  Mbps.

It worked. For years, it was more than enough - I've written before about how my
[[https://cleberg.net/blog/homelab-maintenance.html][homelab basically maintains itself]], and the network was no exception. But once I
had real bandwidth coming into the house, 1 Gbps internally became the
bottleneck instead of the ISP.

As a result, I installed the hardware I'll list in the next section. You can see
the 10G connections in blue and the 1G connections in green.

#+caption: My homelab infrastructure.
#+attr_html: :alt A network diagram of my homelab infrastructure.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/infrastructure.webp

* The Hardware

Everything here is UniFi. I'm already knee-deep in the ecosystem, and at this
point fighting it would cost me more time than it's worth. Staying in one
platform means everything shows up in a single controller and I don't have to
think about it - which is exactly how I like my homelab.

#+caption: My homelab rack.
#+attr_html: :alt A photo of my homelab rack of UniFi gear.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/rack.webp

This rack shows:
- UDM Pro router.
- 10G 24-port switch.
- Switch panel with keystone jacks.
- 1G 24-port switch.
- My server.

This is *before* the Google Fiber installation, so you can see that the WAN RJ45
port is in use on the UDM Pro instead of the SFP+ port.

I also removed the old 1G switch after this picture and plan to sell it. I just
didn't want to box it up quite yet when I took this photo.

** Switch

Two switches did the heavy lifting for the upgrade:

- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/switching-professional-max-xg/products/usw-pro-hd-24-poe?variant=usw-pro-hd-24-poe][USW Pro HD 24 PoE]]: the new core switch in the rack, replacing my old 1 Gbps
  24-port unit.
- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/switching-utility/products/usw-pro-xg-8-poe?variant=usw-pro-xg-8-poe][USW Pro XG 8 PoE]]: a smaller 10G switch serving another room, replacing one of
  the old 8-port units.

** NICs

Neither of my two most important machines shipped with 10G, so both needed a new
network card:

- *Windows gaming PC*: an Intel X520-DA1, a 10G SFP+ card.
- *Server*: an Intel X710-DA2, a dual-port 10G SFP+ card.

Both are enterprise Intel cards you can find used for very little money, which
is half the reason I went with them.

The Ubuntu server already had Intel drivers installed, so I wasn't required to
install anything. I simply slotted the NIC into the PCIe port on the motherboard
and it worked.

#+caption: The 10G NIC in my server.
#+attr_html: :alt A photo of the 10G NIC installed in my server.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/server_nic.webp

However, the Windows machine was a different story. It did come with an
installation CD-ROM, but I of course ignored that since I have no disc drive in
my PC. I tried to find the right drivers online, but Intel's websites are a vast
wasteland of useless downloads and circular links.

Eventually, I pulled a USB-C disc reader from storage and used the CD, which
magically installed on the first try and everything started working from there.

That'll teach me (not really).

#+caption: The 10G NIC in my Windows gaming PC.
#+attr_html: :alt A photo of the 10G NIC installed in my Windows gaming PC.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/desktop_nic.webp

** Cabling

This is where 10G gets fiddly, and where most of my shopping list ended up.
Going 10G means leaving RJ45 behind for SFP+ almost everywhere:

- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-modules-fiber/collections/accessories-pro-direct-attach-cables/products/uacc-cm-rj45-mg?variant=uacc-cm-rj45-mg][SFP+ to RJ45 Adapter]]: bridges the Google Fiber RJ45 handoff into the SFP+ port
  on my UDM Pro.
- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-cables-dacs/collections/accessories-pro-patch-cables/products/uacc-cable-patch-el?variant=uacc-cable-patch-el-0dot15m-w][UniFi Etherlighting Patch Cable]]: short in-rack runs between the switch, the
  other rack devices, and the fiber modem.
- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-modules-fiber/collections/accessories-pro-direct-attach-cables/products/10gbps-direct-attach-cable?variant=uacc-dac-sfp10-0dot5m][10G Direct Attach Cable (DAC)]]: the short SFP+ runs from the rack switch to the
  server, and from the second switch to the gaming PC.
- [[https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-modules-fiber/collections/accessories-pro-direct-attach-cables/products/10-gbps-active-optical-cable?variant=uacc-aoc-sfp10-20m][10G Active Optical Cable (AOC)]]: the long run between the rack and the 8-port
  switch in the other room, where a copper DAC won't reach.

** Cost

None of this is cheap, so here's the full damage:

| Item                      | Qty | Price     |
|---------------------------+-----+-----------|
| USW Pro HD 24 PoE         |   1 | $999.00   |
| USW Pro XG 8 PoE          |   1 | $499.00   |
| SFP+ to RJ45 Adapter      |   1 | $65.00    |
| UniFi Etherlighting Patch |  27 | $112.97   |
| Cat6A Keystone Coupler    |   2 | $78.00    |
| 10G Direct Attach Cable   |   3 | $43.00    |
| 10G Long-Range DAC (AOC)  |   1 | $55.00    |
| Intel X520-DA1 NIC        |   1 | $45.00    |
| Intel X710-DA2 NIC        |   1 | $145.00   |
|---------------------------+-----+-----------|
| *Total*                     |     | $2,041.97 |

* The Upgrade

With the parts in hand, the actual topology is straightforward. Bandwidth flows
in from the street and fans out through the rack:

#+begin_src
Google Fiber
    │  (RJ45 → SFP+ adapter)
    ▼
UDM Pro
    │  (Etherlighting patch)
    ▼
USW Pro HD 24 (core switch)
    ├─ DAC ──────────► Server
    ├─ AOC ──────────► USW Pro XG 8 (other room)
    │                       └─ DAC ──► Windows Gaming PC
    └─ ETH ──────────► USW 8-port (1G switch)
#+end_src

The UDM Pro takes the Google Fiber handoff through the RJ45-to-SFP+ adapter,
then hands everything down to the new 24-port switch over an Etherlighting patch
cable. From there, the server hangs directly off the core switch on a short DAC,
and a long active optical cable carries 10G across the house to the second
switch, which finally feeds my gaming PC. My surviving 1 Gbps 8-port switch
still hangs off the core switch too, handling everything that doesn't need 10G.

The physical installation was pretty easy. I needed to replace a drive in my
server's ZFS pool, so I already needed to get inside the rack. Since I don't use
rails, I had to unscrew and pull out each device by hand.

From there, the NIC (and HDD) installation in the server was seamless. Just pop
out one of the metal slots on the back of the server, slot the NIC into the PCIe
lane, and line up the port with the new opening in the back panel.

All in all, it was easy and simple. No physical snags, only one driver issue on
the Windows machine (which was my fault for ignoring the provided CD), cabling
runs were easy, and UniFi updates were minimal.

* Benchmarks

Let's nerd out on the numbers.

** Before

I don't actually have any speed tests from before the upgrade, but the Cox
connection had degraded even further by the end - down to roughly 70 Mbps for
the month prior to the upgrade.

Occasionally, I was able to get ~800 Mbps when the connection would work
properly.

** After

So, here's the catch. I'm not getting the full 8 Gbps currently. When the Google
tech installed the modem, we confirmed ~ 8500 Mbps together, which means the
fiber is working through the ONT and the modem.

However, they would not connect directly to my router, which means the Google
modem is in bridge mode for now.

The speed test below shows an average speed, where I'm getting 5 to 6 Gbps to my
router. While not the full 8 Gbps, I'm not saturating it anyway, so I haven't
dug into my UniFi settings to determine what's causing the difference.

#+caption: Speed test from the UniFi controller.
#+attr_html: :alt A screenshot of a speed test result from the UniFi controller.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/speed_unifi.webp

A supplementary test showing speeds directly to my server:

#+caption: Speed test from my server.
#+attr_html: :alt A screenshot of a speed test result from my server.
https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20260730-10gbps/speed_server.webp

* Was It Worth It?

Here's the honest part.

Do I /need/ 10 Gbps between my gaming PC and my server? Probably not. The number
of times a day I move enough data to saturate even 1 Gbps is small, and for most
of what I do, this changes nothing I'll consciously notice.

But that was never really the point. I finally have an internet connection that
delivers what I pay for, and a network that won't be the bottleneck for years to
come. After spending so long fighting a "1 Gbps" connection that never once hit
1 Gbps, there's something deeply satisfying about watching a transfer actually
move as fast as the hardware allows.

Instead of constantly monitoring speeds and pausing services so our
work-from-home connections aren't impacted, I can let my server idle at 400 Mbps
24/7, not to mention all the other devices in my home.

Was it worth it? For the peace of mind alone: yes.